The MCG Pediatric Podcast

Specific Learning Disorders

Did you know that approximately 1 in 5 children experience learning and attention issues, but only a fraction of them receives an official diagnosis? In this episode of the MCG Pediatric Podcast, hosts Rishab Chawla and Dr. Jennifer Poon delve into the topic of Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs). They discuss the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, assessment methods, and treatment interventions for SLDs. The conversation aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of SLDs and highlight the importance of early intervention and support.

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19525

References:

1. Barto, A. The State of Learning Disabilities: Understanding the 1 in 5. Available from: https://ldaamerica.org/lda_today/the-state-of-learning-disabilities-today/.
2. Dominguez, O. and P. Carugno, Learning Disability, in StatPearls. 2024, StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island (FL).
3. About learning disorders and disabilities. Available from: https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/learning-disorders-and-disabilities.
4. Learning Disabilities: Overview. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/.
5. Intellectual Developmental Disorder (Intellectual Disability). 2022, American Psychiatric Association.
6. Developmental, A.S.o. and B. Pediatrics, AAP Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, ed. R.G. Voigt, et al.: American Academy of Pediatrics.
7. Burns, M.K., et al., Toward a Unified Response-to-Intervention Model: Multi-Tiered Systems of Support, in Handbook of Response to Intervention: The Science and Practice of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support, S.R. Jimerson, M.K. Burns, and A.M. VanDerHeyden, Editors. 2016, Springer US: Boston, MA. p. 719-732.
8. Health Issues & Treatments for Spina Bifida. 2023; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/NCBDDD/spinabifida/treatment.html.
9. Leonard, H., et al., A systematic review of the biological, social, and environmental determinants of intellectual disability in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022. 13.
10. Snowling, M.J., A. Gallagher, and U. Frith, Family risk of dyslexia is continuous: individual differences in the precursors of reading skill. Child Dev, 2003. 74(2): p. 358-73.
11. Felitti, V.J., et al., Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1998. 14(4): p. 245-258.
12. Zarei, K., et al., Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict Common Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Health Conditions among U.S. Children. Children (Basel), 2021. 8(9).
13. CDC’s Developmental Milestones. 2023; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html.
14. Lipkin, P.H., et al., Promoting Optimal Development: Identifying Infants and Young Children With Developmental Disorders Through Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pediatrics, 2020. 145(1).
15. IEP and 504 plans. Available from: https://www.choa.org/-/media/Files/Childrens/patients/school-program/iep-504-resource-page.pdf?la=en&hash=BF719764C11B474F8659306C061E00FD938CE5D0.
16. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Sec. 300.8 Child with a disability. 2018.
17. Affects focus, attention and behavior and can make learning challenging. Available from: https://ldaamerica.org/disabilities/adhd/.
18. Sahoo, M.K., H. Biswas, and S.K. Padhy, Psychological Co-morbidity in Children with Specific Learning Disorders. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2015. 4(1): p. 21-25.
19. Ee, J., B. Stenfert Kroese, and J. Rose, A systematic review of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of health and social care professionals towards people with learning disabilities and mental health problems. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2022. 50(4): p. 467-483.
20. From the Boston Globe: "How to Support your Dyslexic Child". 2021; Available from: https://dyslexia.yale.edu/boston-globe-support-dyslexic-child/.
21. Resources https://ldaamerica.org/resources/
22. American Academy of Pediatrics. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/learning-disabilities/Pages/default.aspx

Common Pediatric Eye Emergencies

Did you know that vision problems in children often go unnoticed until it's too late, potentially leading to irreversible vision loss? Dr. Steven Brooks, professor, and distinguished chair in ophthalmology at the Medical College of Georgia joins MCG students Emily Austin and Arjun Bhatt to uncover the hidden dangers of the 4 most common pediatric eye emergencies.

• Review four basic pediatric eye emergencies: amblyopia, strabismus, leukocoria, red eye emergencies
• Discuss causes, symptoms, treatment options, and the vital role pediatricians play in early detection and management.
• Review common case presentations of the emergent eye conditions in children
• Highlight the vital role pediatricians play in early detection and management.

CME Credit (requires free sign up): Click Here for Link

References:

1. Dr. Brooks' Presentation on Common Pediatric Eye Emergencies

• • Brook, S. (2023). Presentation on Common Pediatric Eye Emergencies [Google Slides presentation]. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1zpxZZnH5NTTpSq57HUegz_mC5zGkGrhK/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=107180084657435193874&rtpof=true&sd=true

 

2. AAO Pediatric Eye Evaluation Preferred Practice Patterns (2023)

• • American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2023). Pediatric Eye Evaluation Preferred Practice Patterns [PDF]. Retrieved from https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26source%3Dweb%26rct%3Dj%26opi%3D89978449%26url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.aao.org%2FAssets%2F0b507d20-f419-40ac-ac7c-99b11c95f58e%2F638070751054300000%2Fpediatric-eye-evaluations-ppp-pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiv7P2E1NiFAxXZ4ckDHaPhBhsQFnoECBIQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3ortok8vheUdG_OypWrm4N&data=05%7C02%7CARJBHATT%40augusta.edu%7C2d7137e07d264c7c962708dc6b0c56cb%7C8783ac6bd05b4292b483e65f1fdfee91%7C0%7C0%7C638502947937678385%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=IWSuIMyXuRbmeSh8riz7hbKZaSWRQLkcClHDexm7n58%3D&reserved=0

 

3. AAO Amblyopia Preferred Practice Pattern (2024)

• • American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2024). Amblyopia Preferred Practice Pattern. Retrieved from https://www.aao.org/education/preferred-practice-pattern/amblyopia-ppp-2022

 

4. AAPOS Guidelines for Pediatric Eye Condition (2022)

• • American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. (2022). Guidelines for Pediatric Eye Condition. Retrieved from https://www.jaapos.org/article/S1091-8531(22)00009-X/fulltext#:~:text=Astigmatism%2520%253E3.0%2520D%2520in%2520any,Δ%2520should%2520also%2520be%2520identified.

5. AAO Stepwise Approach to Leukocoria (2016)

• • American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2016). Stepwise Approach to Leukocoria. Retrieved from https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/stepwise-approach-to-leukocoria

6. First Aid (2023)

• • Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas; Qiu, Connie; Chalise, Anup; and Kaparaliotis, Panagiotis. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023. New York: McGraw Hill LLC, 2023.

 

 

LGBTQIA+ Health Care, Community Disparities and Closing the Knowledge Gap

There has long since been a knowledge gap in medical education regarding care of LGBTQIA+ patients. This has manifested itself in health disparities that detrimentally affect the LGBTQIA+ population. This podcast serves as a way to start bridging the gap on order to mitigate the effects of bias, discrimination, and prejudice that queer patients often face in health care. Research has shown that consistent, early exposure in medical education to patients from the queer community has been beneficial in preparing future practitioners for gender inclusive care. We must also do our parts as pediatricians to make sure our queer youth grow into confident, thriving queer adults. 

Join Dr. Farrah-Amoy Fullerton, a recent graduate of the pediatric residency program at MCG, and Professor of Pediatrics, Dr. Lisa Leggio, as they introduce LGBTQIA+ health care disparities and describe ways to bridge the gap for eager general practitioners who would like to know more.

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19523 

References:

1. Bonvicini, K. A. (2017). LGBT healthcare disparities: What progress have we made? Patient Education and Counseling, 100(12), 2357–2361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.003
2. Fish, J. N. (2020). Future directions in understanding and addressing mental health among LGBTQ youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(6), 943–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1815207
3. Nowaskie, D. Z., & Patel, A. U. (2020). How much is needed? patient exposure and curricular education on medical students’ LGBT cultural competency. BMC Medical Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02381-1
4. Ormiston, C. K., & Williams, F. (2021). LGBTQ youth mental health during COVID-19: Unmet needs in public health and policy. The Lancet, 399(10324), 501–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02872-5
5. Reisman, T., & Goldstein, Z. (2018). Case report: Induced lactation in a transgender woman. Transgender Health, 3(1), 24–26. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0044
6. Reisner, S. L., Bradford, J., Hopwood, R., Gonzalez, A., Makadon, H., Todisco, D., Cavanaugh, T., VanDerwarker, R., Grasso, C., Zaslow, S., Boswell, S. L., & Mayer, K. (2015). Comprehensive Transgender Healthcare: The gender affirming clinical and public health model of Fenway Health. Journal of Urban Health, 92(3), 584–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9947-2
7. Underman, K., Giffort, D., Hyderi, A., & Hirshfield, L. E. (2016). Transgender Health: A standardized patient case for advanced clerkship students. MedEdPORTAL. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10518
8. Wamboldt, R., Shuster, S., & Sidhu, B. S. (2021). Lactation induction in a transgender woman wanting to breastfeed: Case report. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(5). https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa976
9. Wylie, K., Knudson, G., Khan, S. I., Bonierbale, M., Watanyusakul, S., & Baral, S. (2016). Serving transgender people: Clinical Care Considerations and Service Delivery Models in transgender health. The Lancet, 388(10042), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00682-6
10. The Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law. (2023, July 10). How many adults and youth identify as transgender in the United States? - Williams Institute. Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/trans-adults-united-states/
11. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
12. Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Int J Transgend Health. 2022;23(Suppl 1):S1-S259. Published 2022 Sep 6. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
13. https://pflag.org/
14. thetrevorproject.org

Cyberbullying

With the rise of social media, there has also been a rise in cyberbullying. Dr. Ruth Osondu, a child and adolescent psychiatry fellow joins Dr. Dale Peeples a child and adolescent psychiatrist and medical student Bailey Allen to discuss what pediatricians, parents, and teens should know about cyberbullying and suicide risks. Specifically, they will:

1. Educate the listener and general community on signs a child/teenager at risk for suicide.
2. Understand the effect of cyberbullying on the mental health of the child and adolescent population.
3. Recognize signs that an adolescent is being cyberbullied.
4. Understand potential preventative measures for cyberbullying.
5. Recognize ways for a child or adolescent to get help if they are being bullied.
6. Recognize the role of the parent of victims of cyberbullying

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19521

References:

Bauman S. Cyberbullying: What Does Research Tell Us? Theory Into Practice, Emerging Issues in School Bullying Research. 2013;52(4): 249-256. DOI: 10.1080/00405841.2013.829727

Chan T, Cheun C, Lee Z. Cyberbullying on Social Networking Sites: A Literature Review and and Future Research Directions. Information and Management. 2021;58(2):103411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.202.103411.

Earls M, Foy J, Green C.  “Mental Health Tools for Pediatrics”, Addressing Mental Health Concerns in Pediatrics: A Practical Resource Toolkit for Clinicians. American Academy of Pediatrics. February 2021. https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610024624-2e_s2_02_MH_tools_for_pediatrics

Englander E, Donnerstein E, Kowalski R, Lin CA, Parti K. Defining Cyberbullying. Pediatrics. 2017 Nov;140(Suppl 2):S148-S151. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1758U. PMID: 29093051.

Englander E. Back to the Drawing Board With Cyberbullying. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Jun 1;173(6):513-514. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0690. PMID: 31009032.

Hamm MP, Newton AS, Chisholm A, Shulhan J, Milne A, Sundar P, Ennis H, Scott SD, Hartling L. Prevalence and Effect of Cyberbullying on Children and Young People: A Scoping Review of Social Media Studies. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Aug;169(8):770-7. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0944. PMID: 26098362.

John A, Glendenning AC, Marchant A, Montgomery P, Stewart A, Wood S, Lloyd K, Hawton K. Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviours, and Cyberbullying in Children and Young People: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Apr 19;20(4):e129. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9044. PMID: 29674305; PMCID: PMC5934539.

Timmons-Mitchell J, Flannery D; What Pediatricians Should Know and Do about Cyberbullying. Pediatr Rev. July 2020; 41 (7): 373–375. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2019-0165

Tozzo P, Cuman O, Moratto E, Caenazzo L. Family and Educational Strategies for Cyberbullying Prevention: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 22;19(16):10452. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191610452. PMID: 36012084; PMCID: PMC9408628.

John A, Glendenning AC, Marchant A, Montgomery P, Stewart A, Wood S, Lloyd K, Hawton K. Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviours, and Cyberbullying in Children and Young People: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2018 Apr 19;20(4):e129. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9044. PMID: 29674305; PMCID: PMC5934539.

Walrave, Michel, and Wannes Heirman. "Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration." Children & Society 25.1 (2011): 59-72.

 

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Did you know that the treatments used to cure pediatric cancers can potentially cause a life-threatening event known as tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)? Arfa Ul-Haque and Yazmin Reategui, two third-year medical students, are joined by Pediatric intensivist, Dr. Smitha Mathew, to discuss the evaluation and management for TLS so that it is promptly recognized and treated in the inpatient hospital setting.  

Specifically, they will: 

• Review the basic assessment skills and evaluation for a child presenting with potential TLS  
• Discuss the influence of chemotherapy, initial presentation, diagnostic options, and management of electrolyte imbalances found in TLS 
• Medications reviewed: daunorubicin, cytarabine, calcium gluconate, Rasburicase, allopurinol 
• Anticipatory guidance to medical professionals for potential onset of TLS 
• Special thanks to Dr. Eric Ring and Dr. Rebecca Yang for peer reviewing this episode.

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19520

References:

1. Tumor lysis syndrome. (2022, October 4). Medscape.com. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/282171-overview
2. Adeyinka A, Bashir K. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. [Updated 2022 Oct 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518985/
3. Cheung WL, Hon KL, Fung CM, Leung AKC. Tumor lysis syndrome in childhood malignancies. Drugs in Context 2020; 9: 2019-8-2. DOI: 10.7573/dic.2019-8-2
4. Cheung, Ho Hung MBBSa; She, Wong Hoi MBBSa,∗; Yap, Desmond Y.H. MDb; Tsang, Simon H.Y. MBChBa; Cheung, Tan To MDc. A case report of tumor lysis syndrome after stage-one ALPPS. Medicine 101(10):p e29040, March 11, 2022. | DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000029040
5. Flood, K., Rozmus, J., Skippen, P., Matsell, D. G., & Mammen, C. (2021). Fluid overload and acute kidney injury in children with tumor lysis syndrome. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 68(12), e29255. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29255
6. Barbar T, Jaffer Sathick I. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2021 Sep;28(5):438-446.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2021.09.007. PMID: 35190110.
7. Adeyinka A, Bashir K. Tumor Lysis Syndrome. [Updated 2022 Oct 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518985/
8. Shenoy MT, D'Souza B, Akshatha LN, D'Souza V, Rajan MG. Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in an Infant: A Case Report. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2015 Jul;30(3):360-2. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0472-y. Epub 2015 Feb 14. PMID: 26089626; PMCID: PMC4469048.
9. Alakel N, Middeke JM, Schetelig J, Bornhäuser M. Prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome, and the efficacy and role of rasburicase. Onco Targets Ther. 2017 Feb 2;10:597-605. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S103864. PMID: 28203093; PMCID: PMC5295804.
10. Kollathodi SB, Parameswaran KK, Madhavan L, Kuruvilla S. Hematological malignancies presenting as spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome: A case series. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018 Sep-Oct;7(5):1116-1119. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_171_18. PMID: 30598972; PMCID: PMC6259502.

 

 

Developmental Dysplasia of The Hip

Did you know that undiagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common cause of arthritis in women under 40? Dr. Melissa Allen, a Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon, joins 3^rd year Pediatric Resident Erica DeMaagd and 4^th year medical student Jacob Weiser to discuss the evaluation and management for DDH.  Specifically, they will teach how to: 

• Recognize common history and physical exam findings associated with hip dysplasia.
• Be able to formulate a differential diagnosis for hip dysplasia.
• Understand the initial diagnostic approach to hip dysplasia.
• Select appropriate imaging to evaluate for hip dysplasia.
• Help parents understand initial treatment.
• Create an appropriate disposition for patients with abnormal hip exams.
• Recognize when to refer patients with hip dysplasia (condition) to orthopedic surgery (specialists).

Special thanks to Dr. Lisa Leggio and Dr. Rebecca Yang for peer reviewing this episode.

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19519

References:

Auriemma, J., & Potisek, N. M. (2018). Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Pediatrics In Review, 39(11), 570–572. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2017-0239

Barrera, C. A., Cohen, S. A., Sankar, W. N., Ho-Fung, V. M., Sze, R. W., & Nguyen, J. C. (2019). Imaging of Developmental Dysplasia of the hip: Ultrasound, Radiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pediatric Radiology, 49(12), 1652–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04504-3

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, December 8). Important Milestones: Your Baby by One Year. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-1yr.html

Imrie, M., Scott, V., Stearns, P., Bastrom, T., & Mubarak, S. J. (2010). Is Ultrasound Screening for DDH in Babies Born Breech Sufficient? Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics, 4(1), 3–8. Larson, J. E., Patel, A. R., Weatherford, B., & Janicki, J. A. (2019). Timing of Pavlik Harness Initiation: Can We wait? Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 39(7), 335–338. https://doi.org/10.1097/bpo.0000000000000930

Mahan, S. T., Katz, J. N., & Kim, Y.-J. (2009). To Screen or Not to Screen? A Decision Analysis of the Utility of Screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, 91(7), 1705–1719. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.h.00122

Nemeth, B. A., & Narotam, V. (2012). Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics in Review, 33(12), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.33-12-553

Novais, E. (2018). Pavlik Harness. Boston, MA; Boston Children’s Hospital Child and Young Adult Hip Preservation Program.

Shaw BA, Segal LS, AAP SECTION ON ORTHOPAEDICS. Evaluation and Referral for                                    Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants. Pediatrics. 2016;138(6):e20163107

Scott Yang, Natalie Zusman, Elizabeth Lieberman, Rachel Y. Goldstein; Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Pediatrics January 2019; 143 (1): e20181147. 10.1542/peds.2018-1147

 

Community Acquired Pneumonia in Children

Community acquired pneumonia is unfortunately a common condition seen in children of all ages. Dr. Jacob Eichenberger, an associate professor of pediatrics at MCG and a pediatric hospitalist at the Children's Hospital of Georgia, joins recently graduated pediatric resident, Dr. Fahim Thawer, and medical student Sara Attari to discuss the evaluation and management of community acquired pneumonia.

Specifically, they will:

• Discuss common history and physical exam findings associated with community acquired pneumonia
• Formulate a differential diagnoses
• Work through the initial diagnostic approach and treatment 
• Discuss prognosis and prevention

CME Link (requires login): https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19518

Cough in the Pediatric Patient

Coughs are one of the most common symptoms of childhood illness. But when should we start to get worried? What is a child’s cough trying to tell you? Dr. Sunil Kapoor, a Pediatric Pulmonology Physician, joins Dr. Rebecca Yang and medical student Aparna Prasad to discuss the evaluation and management of chronic cough in children.  Specifically, they will: 

• Review the history and physical examination for a child presenting with a chronic cough
• Discuss the treatment for the most common causes of cough in children
• Evaluate the symptoms that suggest an underlying immunodeficiency
• Review the criteria for a referral to pulmonology

Special thanks to Dr. Dionne Adair, Dr.Sunil Kapoor, and Dr. Rebecca Yang for peer reviewing this episode.

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19516 

References:

1. Marchant, J. (2021, September 30). Causes of chronic cough in children. UpToDate. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-chronic-cough-in-children?search=common+causes+of+chronic+cough+in+young+kids&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1   
2. Chang, A. (2020, November 18). Approach to chronic cough in children. UpToDate. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-chronic-cough-in-children?search=common+causes+of+chronic+cough+in+young+kids&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2   
3. Gregory, S. (2021, May 4). Asthma in children younger than 12 years: Overview of initiating therapy and monitoring control. UpToDate. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-in-children-younger-than-12-years-overview-of-initiating-therapy-and-monitoring-control?search=chronic+cough+in+children&topicRef=91328&source=related_link   
4. Pratter M. Chronic upper airway cough syndrome secondary to rhinosinus diseases (previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome): ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(1 suppl):63S-71S.

Syncope in the Pediatric Patient

Did you know around 15 to 25% of children will have at least one syncopal episode before adulthood? Join medical students Sanya Dudani and Caleb Robertson, along with Pediatric Cardiologist Dr. John Plowden, as they discuss the evaluation and management of syncope in the pediatric patient.  Specifically, they will:

• Discuss the definition of syncope and its underlying pathophysiology
• Recall the incidence and risk factors of syncope in the pediatric population
• Describe the various etiologies and their distinguishing factors
• Understand the proper approach to taking a history for a pediatric patient with a chief complaint of syncope
• Recognize findings on the physical exam that help narrow the differential diagnosis
• Understand the appropriate lab tests and imaging needed
• Discuss when it's appropriate to refer patients to specialists

Special thanks to Dr. Rebecca Yang and Dr. Melissa Lefebvre for peer reviewing this episode!

CME Credit (requires free sign up):  https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19514 

References:

Arthur W, Kaye GC  The pathophysiology of common causes of syncope  Postgraduate Medical Journal 2000;76:750-753.

Cipolla MJ. The Cerebral Circulation. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2009. Chapter 5, Control of Cerebral Blood Flow. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53082/

Clark, BC, Hayman, JM, Berul, CI, Burns, KM, and Kaltman, JR. Selective use of the electrocardiogram in pediatric preparticipation athletic examinations among pediatric primary care providers. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2017; 22:e12446. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12446]

De, A. and Davidson Ward, S.L. (2014), Syncope at altitude: An enigmatic case. Pediatr Pulmonol., 49: E144-E146. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23062

Gupta A, Menoch M, Levasseur K, Gonzalez IE. Screening Pediatric Patients in New-Onset Syncope (SPINS) Study. Clinical Pediatrics. 2020;59(2):127-133. doi:10.1177/0009922819885660

Hainsworth, R. Pathophysiology of syncope. Clin Auton Res 14 (Suppl 1), i18–i24 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-004-1004-2

Phillip A. Low, Paola Sandroni, Chapter 106 - Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS), Editor(s): David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Geoffrey Burnstock, Phillip A. Low, Julian F.R. Paton, Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System (Third Edition), Academic Press, 2012, Pages 517-519, ISBN 9780123865250, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386525-0.00106-2

Zavala, Rennette MD∗; Metais, Benjamin MD†; Tuckfield, Lynnia BS‡; DelVecchio, Michael MD‡; Aronoff, Stephen MD, MBA‡. Pediatric Syncope: A Systematic Review. Pediatric Emergency Care: September 2020 - Volume 36 - Issue 9 - p 442-445 doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002149 

Biliary Atresia and Considerations after the Kasai Procedure

Did you know that 80% of children with biliary atresia who undergo a Kasai procedure will still require liver transplant at some point in their life? Dr. Bade, a pediatric gastroenterologist, joins medical students Tucker Oliver and Sarah Chappell to discuss evaluation and management of infants with biliary atresia. Specifically, they will:

• Discuss the presentation and diagnosis of biliary atresia
• Explain pathophysiology behind jaundice
• Discuss preoperative and postoperative recommendations for the Kasai procedure
• Review complications and outcomes of the Kasai procedure
• Share advice for navigating the diagnosis of biliary atresia with families

Special thanks to Dr. Rebecca Yang and Dr. Jennifer Tucker for peer reviewing this episode.

FREE CME Credit (requires free sign-up): https://mcg.cloud-cme.com/course/courseoverview?P=0&EID=19513 

References: 

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[11]      E. Jung, W.-H. Park, and S.-O. Choi, “Late complications and current status of long-term survivals over 10 years after Kasai portoenterostomy.,” J Korean Surg Soc, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 271–5, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.4174/jkss.2011.81.4.271.

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[13]      B. L. Shneider et al., “Efficacy of fat-soluble vitamin supplementation in infants with biliary atresia.,” Pediatrics, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. e607-14, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-1423.

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